//! Types used to govern how allocations are performed.

use core::alloc::Layout;

use crate::alloc::AllocError;
use crate::ptr::{self, NonNull};

/// An implementation of `Allocator` can allocate, grow, shrink, and deallocate
/// arbitrary blocks of data described via [`Layout`].
///
/// `Allocator` is designed to be implemented on ZSTs, references, or smart
/// pointers because having an allocator like `MyAlloc([u8; N])` cannot be
/// moved, without updating the pointers to the allocated memory.
///
/// Zero-sized allocations are allowed in `Allocator`. If an underlying
/// allocator does not support this (like jemalloc) or return a null pointer
/// (such as `libc::malloc`), this must be caught by the implementation.
///
/// ### Currently allocated memory
///
/// Some of the methods require that a memory block be *currently allocated* via
/// an allocator. This means that:
///
/// * the starting address for that memory block was previously returned by
///   [`allocate`], [`grow`], or [`shrink`], and
///
/// * the memory block has not been subsequently deallocated, where blocks are
///   either deallocated directly by being passed to [`deallocate`] or were
///   changed by being passed to [`grow`] or [`shrink`] that returns `Ok`. If
///   `grow` or `shrink` have returned `Err`, the passed pointer remains valid.
///
/// [`allocate`]: Allocator::allocate
/// [`grow`]: Allocator::grow
/// [`shrink`]: Allocator::shrink
/// [`deallocate`]: Allocator::deallocate
///
/// ### Memory fitting
///
/// Some of the methods require that a layout *fit* a memory block. What it
/// means for a layout to "fit" a memory block means (or equivalently, for a
/// memory block to "fit" a layout) is that the following conditions must hold:
///
/// * The block must be allocated with the same alignment as [`layout.align()`],
///   and
///
/// * The provided [`layout.size()`] must fall in the range `min ..= max`,
///   where:
///   - `min` is the size of the layout most recently used to allocate the
///     block, and
///   - `max` is the latest actual size returned from [`allocate`], [`grow`], or
///     [`shrink`].
///
/// [`layout.align()`]: Layout::align
/// [`layout.size()`]: Layout::size
///
/// # Safety
///
/// * Memory blocks returned from an allocator that are [*currently allocated*]
///   must point to valid memory and retain their validity while they are
///   [*currently allocated*] and at least one of the instance and all of its
///   clones has not been dropped.
///
/// * copying, cloning, or moving the allocator must not invalidate memory
///   blocks returned from this allocator. A copied or cloned allocator must
///   behave like the same allocator, and
///
/// * any pointer to a memory block which is [*currently allocated*] may be
///   passed to any other method of the allocator.
///
/// [*currently allocated*]: #currently-allocated-memory
pub unsafe trait Allocator {
    /// Attempts to allocate a block of memory.
    ///
    /// On success, returns a [`NonNull<[u8]>`][NonNull] meeting the size and alignment guarantees of `layout`.
    ///
    /// The returned block may have a larger size than specified by `layout.size()`, and may or may
    /// not have its contents initialized.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or `layout` does not meet
    /// allocator's size or alignment constraints.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory exhaustion rather than panicking or
    /// aborting, but this is not a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to implement
    /// this trait atop an underlying native allocation library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an allocation error are encouraged to
    /// call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>;

    /// Behaves like `allocate`, but also ensures that the returned memory is zero-initialized.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or `layout` does not meet
    /// allocator's size or alignment constraints.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory exhaustion rather than panicking or
    /// aborting, but this is not a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to implement
    /// this trait atop an underlying native allocation library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an allocation error are encouraged to
    /// call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        let ptr = self.allocate(layout)?;
        // SAFETY: `alloc` returns a valid memory block
        unsafe { ptr.as_ptr().cast::<u8>().write_bytes(0, ptr.len()) }
        Ok(ptr)
    }

    /// Deallocates the memory referenced by `ptr`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory [*currently allocated*] via this
    ///   allocator, and
    /// * `layout` must [*fit*] that block of memory.
    ///
    /// [*currently allocated*]: #currently-allocated-memory
    /// [*fit*]: #memory-fitting
    unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout);

    /// Attempts to extend the memory block.
    ///
    /// Returns a new [`NonNull<[u8]>`][NonNull] containing a pointer and the actual size of the allocated
    /// memory. The pointer is suitable for holding data described by `new_layout`. To accomplish
    /// this, the allocator may extend the allocation referenced by `ptr` to fit the new layout.
    ///
    /// If this returns `Ok`, then ownership of the memory block referenced by `ptr` has been
    /// transferred to this allocator. Any access to the old `ptr` is Undefined Behavior, even if the
    /// allocation was grown in-place. The newly returned pointer is the only valid pointer
    /// for accessing this memory now.
    ///
    /// If this method returns `Err`, then ownership of the memory block has not been transferred to
    /// this allocator, and the contents of the memory block are unaltered.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory [*currently allocated*] via this allocator.
    /// * `old_layout` must [*fit*] that block of memory (The `new_layout` argument need not fit it.).
    /// * `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_layout.size()`.
    ///
    /// Note that `new_layout.align()` need not be the same as `old_layout.align()`.
    ///
    /// [*currently allocated*]: #currently-allocated-memory
    /// [*fit*]: #memory-fitting
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `Err` if the new layout does not meet the allocator's size and alignment
    /// constraints of the allocator, or if growing otherwise fails.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory exhaustion rather than panicking or
    /// aborting, but this is not a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to implement
    /// this trait atop an underlying native allocation library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an allocation error are encouraged to
    /// call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    unsafe fn grow(
        &self,
        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
        old_layout: Layout,
        new_layout: Layout,
    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        debug_assert!(
            new_layout.size() >= old_layout.size(),
            "`new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
        );

        let new_ptr = self.allocate(new_layout)?;

        // SAFETY: because `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to
        // `old_layout.size()`, both the old and new memory allocation are valid
        // for reads and writes for `old_layout.size()` bytes. Also, because the
        // old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap `new_ptr`.
        // Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
        // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
        unsafe {
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_ptr() as *mut u8, old_layout.size());
            self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
        }

        Ok(new_ptr)
    }

    /// Behaves like `grow`, but also ensures that the new contents are set to
    /// zero before being returned.
    ///
    /// The memory block will contain the following contents after a successful
    /// call to `grow_zeroed`:
    ///   * Bytes `0..old_layout.size()` are preserved from the original
    ///     allocation.
    ///   * Bytes `old_layout.size()..old_size` will either be preserved or
    ///     zeroed, depending on the allocator implementation. `old_size` refers
    ///     to the size of the memory block prior to the `grow_zeroed` call,
    ///     which may be larger than the size that was originally requested when
    ///     it was allocated.
    ///   * Bytes `old_size..new_size` are zeroed. `new_size` refers to the size
    ///     of the memory block returned by the `grow_zeroed` call.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory [*currently allocated*] via this
    ///   allocator.
    /// * `old_layout` must [*fit*] that block of memory (The `new_layout`
    ///   argument need not fit it.).
    /// * `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to
    ///   `old_layout.size()`.
    ///
    /// Note that `new_layout.align()` need not be the same as
    /// `old_layout.align()`.
    ///
    /// [*currently allocated*]: #currently-allocated-memory
    /// [*fit*]: #memory-fitting
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `Err` if the new layout does not meet the allocator's size and
    /// alignment constraints of the allocator, or if growing otherwise fails.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory exhaustion
    /// rather than panicking or aborting, but this is not a strict requirement.
    /// (Specifically: it is *legal* to implement this trait atop an underlying
    /// native allocation library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an allocation error
    /// are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, rather than
    /// directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    unsafe fn shrink(
        &self,
        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
        old_layout: Layout,
        new_layout: Layout,
    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        debug_assert!(
            new_layout.size() <= old_layout.size(),
            "`new_layout.size()` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
        );

        let new_ptr = self.allocate(new_layout)?;

        // SAFETY: because `new_layout.size()` must be lower than or equal to
        // `old_layout.size()`, both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and
        // writes for `new_layout.size()` bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet
        // deallocated, it cannot overlap `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is
        // safe. The safety contract for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
        unsafe {
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_ptr() as *mut u8, new_layout.size());
            self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
        }

        Ok(new_ptr)
    }
}

unsafe impl<A> Allocator for &A
where
    A: Allocator + ?Sized,
{
    #[inline]
    fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        (**self).allocate(layout)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        (**self).allocate_zeroed(layout)
    }

    #[inline]
    unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout) {
        (**self).deallocate(ptr, layout)
    }

    #[inline]
    unsafe fn grow(
        &self,
        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
        old_layout: Layout,
        new_layout: Layout,
    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        (**self).grow(ptr, old_layout, new_layout)
    }

    #[inline]
    unsafe fn shrink(
        &self,
        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
        old_layout: Layout,
        new_layout: Layout,
    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
        (**self).shrink(ptr, old_layout, new_layout)
    }
}
